Some scholars consider either of the above four virtue combinations as mutually reducible and therefore not cardinal. This enumeration is traced to Greek philosophy and was listed by Plato in addition to piety: ὁσιότης (hosiotēs), with the exception that wisdom replaced prudence as virtue. Justice ( δικαιοσύνη, dikaiosýnē Latin: iustitia): also considered as fairness the Greek word also having the meaning righteousness.Plato considered Sōphrosynē, which may also be translated as sound-mindedness, to be the most important virtue. Temperance ( σωφροσύνη, sōphrosýnē Latin: temperantia): also known as restraint, the practice of self-control, abstention, discretion, and moderation tempering the appetition.Fortitude ( ἀνδρεία, andreía Latin: fortitudo): also termed courage, forbearance, strength, endurance, and the ability to confront fear, uncertainty, and intimidation.Prudence ( φρόνησις, phrónēsis Latin: prudentia also Wisdom, Sophia, sapientia), the ability to discern the appropriate course of action to be taken in a given situation at the appropriate time.See also: Arete, Aretology, Hospitium, and Paideia Platonic virtue
The word virtue "was borrowed into English in the 13th century". The French words vertu and virtu came from this Latin root. The ancient Romans used the Latin word virtus (derived from vir, their word for man) to refer to all of the "excellent qualities of men, including physical strength, valorous conduct, and moral rectitude". Buddhism's four brahmavihara ("Divine States") can be regarded as virtues in the European sense. Other examples of this notion include the concept of merit in Asian traditions as well as De ( Chinese 德). The opposite of virtue is vice, and the vicious person takes pleasure in habitual wrong-doing until it destroys him or her.
Such a person is said to be Virtuous through having cultivated the disposition. By taking pleasure in doing what is right, even when it is difficult or initially unpleasant, virtue becomes habitual. In human practical ethics, a virtue is a disposition to choose words and actions that are successful by showing high moral standards: doing what is right and avoiding what is wrong in a given field of endeavour.
The cultivation and refinement of virtue is held to be the " good of humanity" and thus is valued as an end purpose of life or foundational principle of being. Cardinal and Theological Virtues by Raphael, 1511Ī Virtue ( Latin: virtus) is a trait of excellence that may be moral or intellectual.
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